The immature stages are parasites in the bodies of grasshoppers, crickets, cockroaches, and some beetles. Horsehair worms are the aquatic adult phase of little-known invertebrate animals. Biol., 114, 97–112.A horsehair worm in the phylum Nematomorpha. (1990) Power transmission along biological membranes, J. (1971) Energy transformation in the respi–ratory chain, Curr. (1969) Energy Accumulation in the Cell, Nauka, Moscow, p. (1996) Ultrastructure of the anterior end in three ontogenetic stages of Nectonema munidae (Nematomorpha), Acta Zool., 77, 267–278. (2005) Morphogenesis of Paragordius varius (Nematomorpha) during the parasitic phase, Zoomorphology, 124, 33–46. (2002) Ultrastructural description of the musculature, the intraepider–mal nervous system, and their interrelation in Pseudochordodes bedriagae (Nematomorpha), Cell Tissue Res., 308, 299–306.

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